Employment law and desk sharing | For employers

Desk sharing means that a workplace is not permanently assigned to a specific person, but is used by several colleagues at different times. This practice changes the organisation of the workplace and affects various areas of employment law.

Desk sharing in employment law

The most important information about desk sharing in employment law at a glance:

  • Desk sharing is permissible under labour law, but not unconditionally. The use of a workplace by several people is permitted as long as occupational health and safety, data protection and co-determination rights are upheld.
  • Co-determination by the works council: The works council must be involved in the introduction and use of booking systems, clean desk policies and workplace allocation in accordance with Section 87 (1) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG).
  • Occupational health and safety applies without restriction, even in the case of changing workstations. Every shared workstation must be ergonomically designed, hygienically maintained and individually adjustable. A risk assessment is mandatory.
  • Only necessary data may be processed by desk booking systems. It is not permissible to draw conclusions about the behaviour of individual employees.

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Is desk sharing permitted under labour law?

Yes, desk sharing is generally permitted. Employers may determine how work is organised within the scope of their managerial authority (Section 106 of the Trade Regulation Act). This also includes the design of workstations.

However, this right to issue instructions is limited where occupational health and safety law, data protection or the co-determination rights of the works council come into play.

It is important that desk sharing does not entail any unreasonable disadvantages for employees:

  • Workplaces must be equipped to the same standard.
  • Availability must be guaranteed.
  • Personal rights such as the protection of health or privacy must not be impaired.

Purely economic reasons, such as saving office space, are not sufficient to implement measures that violate other protective rights. The admissibility under labour law therefore always depends on the specific design and accompanying regulations.

Works council's right of co-determination in desk sharing

The introduction of desk sharing is subject to co-determination in accordance with Section 87 (1) BetrVG. Relevant co-determination issues include, in particular:

No. 1: Organisation of the workplace and conduct of employees
If desk sharing regulates behaviour in the workplace, for example through a clean desk policy, fixed booking rules or zone concepts, the works council must be involved.

No. 6: Technical monitoring equipment
If a digital booking system is used that allows conclusions to be drawn about the behaviour, attendance or performance of employees, this is only permissible in compliance with the GDPR and is also subject to co-determination in accordance with Section 87 (1) No. 6 BetrVG.

Depending on the design, Section 90 BetrVG (rights to information) may also apply if the change in the workplaces constitutes a redesign of the working environment. This applies in particular if structural changes, furnishing or room concepts are affected.

Case law recognises that desk-sharing models with a structural or disciplinary effect (e.g. clean desk, reduced number of permanent workstations, visitor control via booking systems) are subject to co-determination.

In a recent case, the Baden-Württemberg Regional Labour Court (2024) ruled that even the design of free workplace choice with supplementary rules of use may not be determined unilaterally by the employer. (File number 21 TaBV 7/24)

Data protection in desk sharing

The use of booking systems, access controls or presence sensors in connection with desk sharing generates personal data. This includes information on working hours, attendance, workplace use or booking history. This data is subject to the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and may only be processed if there is a legal basis for doing so.

As a rule, data processing is based on Art. 6(1)(f) GDPR (legitimate interest of the employer), for example for the purpose of organising workplace occupancy.

The principle of data minimisation applies here: only as much information may be collected as is necessary for the purpose. Blanket collection of movement or behaviour data is not permitted.

In addition, the employer is obliged to inform employees transparently about the purpose, scope and storage period of data processing in accordance with Art. 13 GDPR. If there is a works council, it must be involved in the selection and introduction of appropriate systems in accordance with Section 87(1)(6) BetrVG.

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Occupational safety in desk sharing

The same occupational health and safety requirements apply to shared workstations as to designated individual workstations. The relevant basis for this is the Workplace Ordinance (ArbStättV).

Employers are obliged to set up workplaces in such a way that the safety and health of employees is guaranteed, regardless of whether a workplace is used permanently or alternately.

The requirements are derived from:

Every booked workplace must be ergonomically adjustable (e.g. height-adjustable chair, correctly positionable screen), provide adequate lighting and be cleaned regularly, especially if there are frequent changes of users. In any case, the equipment must meet the requirements of the respective job profile.

In addition, a risk assessment in accordance with Section 5 of the ArbSchG is also required for desk sharing. The risks associated with changing workplaces, such as a lack of adjustment options or unclear responsibilities for maintenance and cleaning, must be taken into account and documented.

Typical challenges of labour law in desk sharing

Desk sharing brings organisational changes and potential conflicts in everyday working life. You can avoid these by considering the technical, legal and cultural framework conditions from the outset.

1. Overbooking and lack of workspaces
If the number of available workstations does not reliably match actual demand, dissatisfaction will arise. You can prevent this with a booking system that shows utilisation rates, allowing you to plan capacity based on real demand.

Tip: You can get a complete overview of utilisation and peak times in PULT's Office Insights.

2. Lack of planning security for employees
Your employees need to be able to rely on their journey to work not being in vain because there is no space available. A binding regulation on booking and use, for example in a works agreement or team guideline, creates certainty here. Then let your team make binding bookings for their preferred workspaces in the PULT desk booking software.

3. Personal belongings and storage
In an office with a clean desk policy, the question arises as to where personal materials such as keyboards, documents or private items can be stored. Lockers, personal rolling containers and personal IT equipment (e.g. laptops with docking stations, headsets) are practical and proven solutions.

4. Lack of quiet areas
Stress levels increase when all work has to be done in a shared open-plan office. With desk sharing, it is important to ensure that employees have access to quiet areas for concentrated work and confidential conversations and phone calls.

When is desk sharing compatible with occupational health and safety?

Whether desk sharing is permissible under labour law depends largely on whether occupational health and safety requirements can be met. The Workplace Ordinance (§ 3a, § 4 ArbStättV) requires, among other things, ergonomic workplaces, regular cleaning, adequate lighting and individually adjustable equipment. These standards must also be met when usage changes.

For you, this means:

Desk sharing only makes sense and is legally viable where workplaces are standardised, fully equipped and can be used without risk, regardless of who uses them.

When are desk sharing and occupational health and safety compatible?

  • If the work is predominantly digital, location-independent and physically undemanding, ergonomic standards can be ensured by providing equivalent, standard-compliant equipment at all workstations.
  • If all workstations have identical screens, input devices and ergonomic chairs, changing users can work without any health risks. Provided that individual adjustments (e.g. table height, screen distance) are possible.
  • If quiet individual workstations, meeting rooms and retreat areas are planned and provided, psychological stress caused by sensory overload or constant reorientation can also be reduced.

When are desk sharing and occupational health and safety incompatible?

  • Desk sharing is not well suited for employees with orthopaedic chairs, special screen readers or other adapted technology. They require permanently furnished workstations. These requirements are difficult to reconcile with changing workstations without violating § 3a ArbStättV or § 5 ArbSchG.
  • Those who work exclusively in open desk-sharing zones without access to quiet rooms or retreat areas are exposed to increased psychological stress. This may violate the employer's duty of care.
  • Workspaces that are used by different people every day must be cleaned and technically inspected on a regular basis. If there are no clear processes in place for this, there is an increased risk of hygiene and safety deficiencies.

Desk sharing can therefore only be operated safely where all occupational health and safety requirements can be monitored and met on a sustainable basis. The decision for or against a desk sharing model should therefore always be part of the risk assessment and not be based solely on space efficiency or cost reasons.

Conclusion: Reconciling desk sharing and labour law in your company

Desk sharing changes the requirements for planning, management and legal diligence with regard to workplaces. If you allocate workplaces in your company on a rotating basis, you are directly interfering with the organisation of work and must comply with the provisions of labour law.

Legal risks do not arise from desk sharing itself, but from implementation without a clear structure. Ergonomically inadequate equipment, a lack of private spaces and unclear booking rules lead to violations of occupational health and safety, co-determination and data protection, often unintentionally.

With PULT, you can lay the foundation for organising desk sharing in a legally compliant and team-friendly manner.

  • Workstation booking according to ergonomic criteria using the filter function (height-adjustable desks, multiple monitors, etc.)
  • Zone planning with retreat options
  • Automated documentation of utilisation, for example for risk assessments or works agreements.
  • No conclusions about the work and booking behaviour of individual employees

Office Insights show you how the office is actually used and thus help you with planning.

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Desk sharing in labour law – frequently asked questions and answers

What is desk sharing?

Desk sharing describes the use of a workplace by several people at different times. Employees book an available space as needed. The aim is to use the available office space in proportion to actual attendance.

the use of the PULT desk Booking Software

The use of the PULT desk booking software is GDPR-compliant, as the office evaluation does not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the behaviour of individual employees. Data is collected according to the principle of minimalism and processed exclusively for specific purposes.

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FAQ

Have questions?

Is a risk assessment also necessary for desk sharing in the office?

Yes, desk sharing represents an organisational change and must be included in the risk assessment in accordance with Section 5 of the ArbSchG (German Occupational Safety and Health Act). Particular attention must be paid to ergonomic, hygienic and psychological stress factors.

Do desk sharing workstations have to be cleaned daily?

Yes, daily cleaning is required under labour law when workstations are shared. This is based on Section 4 of the ArbStättV (Workplace Ordinance) in conjunction with the Occupational Safety and Health Act, especially in cases of frequent occupancy or use by different people.

Can a works council completely prevent desk sharing?

No, there is no right of veto. However, the works council has co-determination rights with regard to the design (§ 87 (1) BetrVG), in particular with regard to booking rules, technical systems or clean desk policies.

Can an employer record who booked which space and when?

Only if this is necessary for the organisation of the business and the purpose is clearly defined. Processing must be limited to what is necessary (data minimisation according to Art. 5 GDPR).

Does desk sharing have to be regulated separately for people with disabilities?

Yes, according to Section 164 (4) SGB IX, employers must design working conditions in such a way that they are suitable for people with disabilities. Flat-rate desk sharing models may contradict this. Individual solutions are required for the employees affected.

About author

Isolde Van der Knaap

Hybrid Work Enthusiast and Account Executive

At PULT we're designing the future of the hybrid workplace for companies and their employees. Focused on SME and mid market customers in Eruope, I'm working on everything from Customer Discovery to Onboarding. I'm very passionate about new work and moved to Hamburg in 2024 even though I'm originally from France.

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How can the work council influence desk sharing?

The Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) provides for several instances of co-determination that may apply depending on the specific details of the desk-sharing arrangement. Those who are unaware of the rules risk injunctions and significant project delays.

What say does the works council have regarding desk sharing?

Anyone who wants to introduce desk sharing in their company will quickly face an important question: Does the works council need to be involved, and if so, to what extent? There is no one-size-fits-all answer.

The Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) provides for several instances of co-determination that may apply depending on the specific details of the desk-sharing arrangement. Those who are unaware of the rules risk injunctions and significant project delays.

How the work council can influence desk sharing: The Basics

  • Desk-sharing itself is not subject to employee participation. The employer may implement it within the scope of its managerial authority. The specific details of its implementation almost never are.
  • Section 87(1)(1) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) applies whenever rules concern employees’ conduct.
  • Section 90 of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) requires employers to inform the works council early and in detail as soon as the planning phase begins.
  • A workplace agreement is the most legally sound approach to desk sharing.

What does the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) stipulate regarding desk sharing?

In principle, an employer may require desk sharing. However, the specific details are almost always subject to co-determination. This applies in particular when rules regarding workplace use, digital booking tools, occupational health and safety, or changes to the work environment are involved.

The BetrVG contains several sections that may be relevant to desk sharing:

Section 87(1)(1) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) – Order in the workplace: The line between conduct regarding workplace order that is subject to co-determination and work-related conduct that is exempt from co-determination is blurred. Rules that directly require work performance (e.g., finding an available seat every day) are considered work-related conduct and are not subject to co-determination. Rules regarding workplace coexistence, such as the handling of personal belongings or the use of lockers, are considered organizational conduct and are subject to co-determination.

Section 87(1)(6) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) – Technical Monitoring Devices: Certain aspects of desk sharing, such as the use of booking or occupancy tools, fall under Section 87(1)(6) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) if they involve monitoring of employees’ performance and behavior. As soon as a booking tool collects data on attendance times or usage patterns that can be traced back to individual employees, the right to co-determination applies.

Section 87(1)(7) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) – Health Protection: Ergonomic requirements, risk assessments, and hygiene regulations for shared workstations may satisfy this criterion. The Baden-Württemberg Regional Labor Court rejected a right to co-determination under § 87 (1) No. 7 BetrVG in a specific case, as the introduction of desk sharing alone did not lead to a concrete risk to employees. A risk assessment would first have to establish this.

§ 90 BetrVG – Duty to Inform: § 90 BetrVG requires the employer to inform the works council in a timely and comprehensive manner about planned changes to workstations, work processes, or the work environment. This duty to inform applies as early as the planning phase. Anyone who informs the works council only after the restructuring measures have already begun has missed this deadline.

§ 111 BetrVG – Operational change: According to the case law of the Federal Labor Court, the introduction of desk sharing is generally not considered an operational change within the meaning of § 111 BetrVG. The situation is different if desk sharing is part of a larger restructuring.

What does case law say about the works council’s right to co-determination?

Case law on the subject of desk sharing and works councils is anything but consistent. In the past, the same concept has been interpreted differently by various courts. According to this view, it is not the concept as a whole that matters, but rather the individual provisions within it. Three court decisions illustrate where the courts draw the line.

Frankfurt/Main Labor Court: The Frankfurt/Main Labor Court granted a works council’s motion seeking to prevent the introduction of desk sharing. The court found that several aspects of co-determination were affected. The unilateral introduction of this work system by the employer was therefore deemed impermissible. The works council was ultimately able to halt further implementation by means of a preliminary injunction.

Düsseldorf Regional Labor Court (Case No. 3 TaBVGa 6/17): The Düsseldorf Regional Labor Court ruled in another case that the works council had no right of co-determination because the specific plan did not contain any provisions subject to co-determination. The question of where exactly the line is drawn between the specification of work duties not subject to co-determination and conduct subject to co-determination remains largely unresolved even after this decision. A fundamental ruling by the Federal Labor Court is still pending.

Baden-Württemberg Regional Labor Court (Case No. 21 TaBV 7/24, August 2024): According to this ruling, neither the decision to introduce desk sharing nor an accompanying clean-desk policy is, in and of itself, subject to works council co-determination. Both pertain to employees’ work conduct, which is not subject to co-determination. However, regulations governing the handling of personal belongings may affect workplace conduct subject to co-determination pursuant to Section 87(1)(1) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG). Regulations governing the use of certain company premises for break and work purposes may also be subject to co-determination.

In practice, this means that it is not the concept as a whole but each individual provision within it that must be reviewed for compliance with the requirement for employee participation. Those who make sweeping generalizations are almost always wrong.

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What must be included in the workplace agreement on desk sharing?

In practice, a works council agreement is the most reliable way to implement the project in a legally compliant manner. This applies regardless of whether a genuine right to co-determination exists in a particular case or not.

To ensure that desk sharing and labor law are compatible, a legally sound company agreement must address these key points:

  1. Scope of Application: Which locations, departments, and employee groups are covered by the agreement? If it applies across multiple locations, the general works council is generally responsible.
  2. Booking rules: How do you reserve a workspace? Through the app, at a terminal, or on the spot? What are the advance notice requirements and cancellation deadlines?
  3. Clean Desk Policy: What personal items are allowed, how are they stored, and who provides lockers or rolling cabinets?
  4. Data Protection and Booking Systems: Digital booking systems may fall under Section 87(1)(6) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) if they collect data on booking times, duration of presence, or individual usage patterns. The agreement must specify what data is collected, how long it is stored, and who has access to it. Tools like PULT avoid this issue from the outset: analyses are conducted exclusively at the team level in aggregated form, without any references to individuals, and thus meet the requirements that works councils typically impose under Section 87(1)(6) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG).
  5. Ergonomics and Occupational Health and Safety: Guidelines for the setup of shared workstations (monitor, keyboard, chair), for cleaning, and for the special needs of individual employees.
  6. Special provisions: Pregnant employees, employees with disabilities, or those in certain job roles may be entitled to a dedicated workspace and special desk-sharing rules.
  7. Control mechanisms: How is booking data analyzed? Is it analyzed only at the team level, or also at the individual level? The latter typically requires employee participation and raises data protection concerns.

What is the best way to involve the works council in desk sharing?

Time and again, managers make the mistake of informing the works council about the introduction of desk sharing only after the decision has already been made. This is unwise and, in many cases, violates Section 90 of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG).

As soon as the idea of introducing desk sharing arises internally, the obligation to provide information takes effect. The works council receives planning documents, space allocation plans, and schedules. In the next step, the concept is jointly reviewed for provisions subject to co-determination: Which areas are covered by Section 87(1)(1), (6), or (7) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG)? This review prevents individual provisions from becoming stumbling blocks later on.

Once the areas subject to co-determination have been identified, formal negotiations on a works agreement begin. If the employer and the works council cannot reach an agreement, the conciliation board makes the decision. This process can delay projects by months. Once the agreement is finalized, implementation begins. An evaluation clause also specifies when and how the parties will jointly review the plan and adjust it as needed.

If you communicate transparently from the outset and establish a clear policy, you will have already prevented most conflicts before they arise. The same principle applies to the booking system.

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Hybrid Work

Working Models 2026 » Overview & Comparison

By choosing the right working model, you can structure your team to avoid unnecessary costs and keep your employees completely satisfied.

Working Models: Which One Is Right for Your Team?

Work models describe how, when, and where employees perform their work. Full-time and part-time? That’s ancient history. By 2026, hybrid, remote, flex time, the four-day workweek, and job sharing will define the German labor market. 

If you choose the wrong model, you’ll quickly find yourself facing unnecessary problems such as excessive administrative costs and dissatisfied employees. That’s why, in this article, we’ll explain the most important models, outline their pros and cons, and highlight which legal changes are particularly relevant this year.

Work Models: The Basics

  • Work models define the scope (full-time, part-time), schedule (flexible hours, trust-based working hours, four-day workweek), and location (office, home office, hybrid, remote) of work.
  • By 2026, hybrid work will be the most common model in German companies. About 60 percent of office workers will work from home at least one day a week.
  • Since 2022, employers in Germany have been required to systematically track working hours, regardless of the chosen work model .
  • The Pay Transparency Act was strengthened in 2026 and now applies to companies with as few as 100 employees, with direct implications for part-time and job-sharing arrangements.

What are work models?

An employment model defines the framework within which an employee performs their work. It specifies three dimensions:

  • Hours worked: How many hours per week does a person work? Full-time, part-time, or on a very limited basis?
  • Schedule: When are employees scheduled to work? Fixed hours, flex time, shift work, or trust-based working hours?
  • Work location: Where is the work done? In the office, from home, in a hybrid setup, or entirely remotely?

These three dimensions can be combined. A full-time employee can work on a flex-time schedule and in a hybrid model. A part-time employee can work exclusively in the office on a fixed shift. These combinations give rise to the modelswe examine in this article.

The main work models by working hours

The number of hours worked forms the basis of every employment contract. These four models cover over 95 percent of all employment relationships in Germany.

Full-time

In Germany, full-time employment generally involves 35 to 40 hours per week, depending on the collective bargaining agreement or the industry. Full-time positions remain the norm, particularly in manufacturing, skilled trades, and traditional administrative professions.

  • Advantages: Full salary, comprehensive benefits, clear career path. 
  • Disadvantages: Less flexibility for family, continuing education, or side jobs.

Part-time

Part-time work involves fewer hours than the full weekly work schedule. Since 2019, employees have been entitled under the Bridge Part-Time Work Act to a temporary reduction in working hours with the right to return to full-time work.

  • Advantages: Better work-life balance, more time for other commitments. 
  • Disadvantages: Lower income, often slower career advancement, lower pension benefits.

Part-time employment (mini-job)

Since 2026, mini-jobs have been capped at 603 euros per month. They are suitable for students, retirees, or as a second job.

  • Advantages: Tax- and social security-free for employees, flexible scheduling, easy entry into the job market.
  • Disadvantages: No automatic coverage under health and unemployment insurance, limited pension benefits, no protection in the event of unemployment.

Four-day workweek

The four-day workweek reduces the number of working days to four, often without a reduction in pay. In Germany, it was tested in several pilot projects in 2024. Initial results show higher productivity per hour, but also challenges in service industries with fixed opening hours.

  • Benefits: More time to recover, lower absenteeism rates, a strong selling point in recruitment.
  • Disadvantages: Difficult to implement in shift-based and service-oriented businesses, higher demands on process efficiency, potential losses in terms of availability.

Work Models Based on Work Hours Distribution

While the total number of hours sets the framework, the distribution of working hours determines daily life. These four models are the most common in Germany.

Flexible work hours

Under a flex-time schedule, employees determine the start and end times of their daily work within a set framework. A core period (for example, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.) generally specifies when all employees must be available. Outside of these hours, employees are free to manage their own schedules.

  • Benefits: Better compatibility with doctor's appointments, family commitments, or commuting times; higher employee satisfaction; lower absenteeism. 
  • Disadvantages: Requires reliable time tracking, makes it difficult to coordinate spontaneously outside of core hours, and makes team coordination more complex.

Flexible work hours

What counts here is only the result, not the number of hours worked. Employees organize their own working hours. It is important to note that even trust-based working hours are not exempt from the legal requirement to track working hours. Employers must document when work was performed, even if the distribution of those hours is left up to the employee.

  • Advantages: High degree of autonomy, a strong selling point when recruiting skilled workers, focus on results rather than attendance. 
  • Disadvantages: Risk of unpaid overtime; difficult to implement without a mature management culture; requires documentation despite flexible scheduling.

Shift work

Shift schedules (early, late, and night shifts) are primarily found in manufacturing, healthcare, logistics, and retail. They require reliable shift schedules and transparent communication.

  • Advantages: The company is always open, employees often receive shift premiums, and there is a clear separation between work and personal time. 
  • Disadvantages: Health risks due to irregular work schedules (especially night shifts), difficulty balancing work and family life, higher employee turnover in industries with unattractive shifts.

Job sharing

In job sharing, two or more people share a full-time position. It is becoming increasingly popular, especially in leadership positions. However, with the stricter Pay Transparency Act of 2026, legal requirements are also coming to the forefront here, as both job-sharing partners must be paid equally for work of equal value and the company must be able to document this comparability.

  • Advantages: Makes leadership positions accessible on a part-time basis, combines two skill sets in a single role, and ensures continuity in the event of illness or vacation. 
  • Disadvantages: Significant coordination effort required between partners, complex reporting and documentation requirements, and, in practice, often additional work for the supporting team.

Work Models by Location

The workplace has undergone the most significant changes in recent years. Four models now define the day-to-day operations of German companies.

Office work (in-person)

For decades, the traditional office setup was the standard model. It still works today in situations where physical presence is necessary. For companies, this model involves the least organizational effort, as it features fixed workstations and predictable utilization. The trade-off is high fixed costs for office space and a limited pool of applicants, since many talented individuals today expect hybrid or remote options.

  • Advantages: Easy coordination, direct communication within the team, strong corporate culture, minimal technical requirements.
  • Disadvantages: High fixed costs for office space, long commutes for employees, and reduced appeal to job candidates.

Work from home

In this model, employees work from home on a permanent basis or at least on a regular basis. There is still no legal right to work from home in Germany, but many companies offer it on a voluntary basis. This is also necessary these days, as many qualified workers expect at least the option to work from home.

  • Advantages: No more commuting time, improved concentration, better work-life balance.
  • Disadvantages: Risk of isolation and weaker team cohesion, more difficult to coordinate spontaneously, higher demands on self-organization and technical equipment at home.

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Hybrid Work

Hybrid work combines in-office work with location-flexible work according to clear guidelines. There are several typical models:

  • Office-First: Three to four days in the office, one to two days working from home.
  • Remote-First: Remote work is the default; employees come into the office only on specific days or for specific occasions.
  • Free Choice: Employees decide where to work each day within defined guidelines.

The choice of model primarily affects the organizational effort required. However, the advantages and disadvantages of the hybrid model generally apply to all three variants:

  • Advantages: Combines periods of focused work at home with collaboration in the office, reduces office space through desk sharing, and serves as a strong selling point in recruitment. 
  • Disadvantages: Greater coordination effort, requires booking and attendance systems, risk of unequal opportunities between office-based and remote workers (“proximity bias”).

Remote Work

Remote work refers to working entirely from any location, often from abroad. Tax, social security, and labor law issues become complex as soon as someone works from another EU country for more than 25 days a year.

  • Advantages: Access to an international talent pool, no office space costs, and maximum flexibility for employees.
  • Disadvantages: Complex legal and tax issues related to assignments abroad, challenges in building a team culture, and higher demands on leadership and digital communication.

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Work Models of the Future: What Will Change in 2026?

The labor market never stands still. Almost in lockstep, new regulations and laws are emerging, designed to protect both employers and employees while maintaining a balance. Four legal and technological developments are shaping work models in Germany in 2026:

  1. Digital time tracking requirement now fully in effect: Since the Federal Labor Court (BAG) ruling in 2022, employers have been required to systematically track working hours. What has been missing so far is specific legal implementation: The planned Time Tracking Act is set to make electronic tracking mandatory in the course of 2026. 
  2. Pay Transparency Act Expanded: The EU Pay Transparency Directive has been transposed into German law and now applies to companies with 100 or more employees. Companies must be able to disclose their pay structures. This has a direct impact on part-time, job-sharing, and hybrid models, as anyone filling a reduced-hour position must be paid proportionally the same as a full-time employee performing the same duties.
  3. AI Governance in Human Resources: With the introduction of the EU AI Act, stricter rules for AI-powered HR systems will take effect in 2026. Tools used in recruiting or performance evaluation are considered high-risk applications and are subject to documentation and transparency requirements. Furthermore, attendance analyses and workload reports must not generate movement profiles of individual persons. Evaluations must be anonymized at the team or facility level.
  4. Space optimization as a cost factor: Office costs are among the largest fixed expenses for many companies. Companies that allow employees to work in a hybrid model and don’t know who is actually in the office and when end up paying for unused square footage. Accurate occupancy data is essential for making informed space-related decisions and ensures that companies can reduce costs.

PULT automatically transmits this occupancy data via Wi-Fi.

  • ✓ Actual presence data instead of booking data
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Which work model is right for which company?

There is no one-size-fits-all model. Companies that copy an approach simply because it has worked reliably for others underestimate how much the right choice depends on their own specific circumstances. Four factors set the direction:

  1. Industry and job profile: Knowledge work allows for more flexibility than the manufacturing sector.
  2. Team size and culture: Small teams often get by with informal agreements, while larger teams need clear rules and tools.
  3. Employee expectations: Young talent expects hybrid and remote work options. According to PwC, for 44 percent of employees, the option to work from home is a decisive factor in choosing an employer, while for another 42 percent, it is important but not decisive.
  4. IT infrastructure: Hybrid work only works with reliable time-tracking software, attendance tracking, and an integrated HR system.

Anyone introducing hybrid or flexible models should therefore clarify early on how desk sharing will be organized and how utilization will be measured.

Implementing Hybrid and Flexible Work Models: What Matters Most

Flexible, new work models often fail during implementation. Four problems in particular tend to arise in practice.

The first issue is the discrepancy between bookings and reality. Employees reserve desks in advance but then don’t show up, or conversely, come into the office spontaneously without having made a reservation. The result is occupancy data that cannot be relied upon for decision-making.

The second issue concerns the office manager. Without automatic attendance tracking, the only option is to manually ask team members who is in the office today. This takes time and still doesn't provide reliable data.

Then there’s the matter of compliance. Time tracking, occupational safety training, and first-aid responder quotas require the ability to document at any time who was on site and when. In hybrid teams, this is nearly impossible to do manually.

Finally, the “word of mouth” between systems should not be underestimated. Booking data is stored in one tool, HR data in another, and room schedules in a third. This does not result in a unified overview.

The solution lies in the combination of clear rules and a system that enforces these rules in the background:

  1. Define booking rules (who is allowed to work from home, when, and for how many days; which teams are required to be on-site on which days)
  2. Provide a booking tool that integrates with existing systems such as Slack, Microsoft Teams, or Outlook
  3. Automatically track actual attendance instead of relying on booking data
  4. Use analytics to plan spaces, teams, and investments based on data

This is exactly where PULT comes in. The platform combines desk booking, room and parking spot reservations, visitor management, and automatic attendance tracking via the company’s Wi-Fi into a single system. Employees can book in ten seconds directly from Slack or Teams, check-in happens automatically, and office managers receive reliable data on office occupancy in real time.

Hybrid doesn't mean chaos.

  • ✓ Booking, attendance, and reporting all in one system
  • ✓ Native integration with Slack, Teams, Personio, and more
See PULT in action
Office Insights

Workplace Safety in the Office: Legal Obligations, Ergonomics and Prevention

Workplace safety in the office serves to maintain employee health and provide legal protection for employers. In modern hybrid offices, safety places new demands on the organization of desk sharing and mobile work.

Workplace Safety in the Office: Key Takeaways

  • Legal framework for workplace safety in the office: The foundation consists of the Occupational Safety Act (ArbSchG), the Workplace Ordinance (ArbStättV) and DGUV Information 215-410.
  • Risk assessment in the office: The employer must identify and document the risks (physical and psychological) for each workplace.
  • Ergonomics: Desks, chairs and monitors must be adjustable to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.
  • Personnel: Depending on company size, safety officers, first aiders and fire safety assistants must be appointed in the required numbers.
  • Safety briefings: At least once a year, all employees must be instructed on the hazards and protective measures in the workplace.

What legal regulations apply to workplace safety in the office?

Workplace safety in the office is primarily governed by the Occupational Safety Act (ArbSchG) and the Workplace Ordinance (ArbStättV), which are further specified by DGUV Information 215-410.

These regulations require employers to systematically assess hazards, comply with technical standards for computer workstations and ensure employee safety through regular briefings and the provision of first aiders.

  • Occupational Safety Act (ArbSchG): It forms the foundation and obliges the employer under § 5 to conduct a risk assessment. The goal is to design work in such a way that hazards to life and physical and mental health are avoided.
  • Workplace Ordinance (ArbStättV): It defines minimum requirements for the operation of workplaces. This includes aspects such as room temperature, ventilation, lighting and the design of computer workstations.
  • DGUV Information 215-410 (formerly BGI 650): This guideline from the German Social Accident Insurance is the most important practical standard for offices. It contains detailed requirements for ergonomics, floor space and the safety-related design of work equipment.
  • Display Screen Equipment Regulation (now part of ArbStättV): It sets specific requirements for the quality of monitors, keyboards and software ergonomics to prevent strain on the eyes and musculoskeletal system.

Responsibility and Implementation of Workplace Safety in the Office

The employer is solely responsible for compliance with and implementation of all measures. For support, from the very first employee, the employer is required to provide proof of safety engineering and occupational health care (according to ASIG and DGUV Regulation 2).

Occupational safety specialists (Sifa) and company physicians provide advisory services, but keeping escape routes clear or correctly adjusting office furniture falls under the responsibility of the respective managers or office management.

How is a risk assessment created for office workplaces?

The risk assessment is the required tool for identifying risks to employee health and initiating countermeasures. According to § 5 of the Occupational Safety Act, every employer is obliged to conduct this assessment for all workplaces, document it and update it regularly.

  1. Define work areas: Divide the office into meaningful units, for example individual offices, open spaces, meeting rooms.
  2. Identify hazards: Record all physical and psychological stresses.
  3. Assess hazards: Evaluate the risk (probability of occurrence and severity of potential damage).
  4. Define protective measures: Select appropriate measures according to the TOP principle (Technical before Organizational before Personal).
  5. Implement measures: Carry out the planned improvements.
  6. Check effectiveness: Verify whether the measures have actually reduced the risk.
  7. Document and update: Legally compliant documentation of results and adaptation when changes occur (e.g. new office furniture or software).

Consideration of Psychological Stress in the Office

Since 2013, the Occupational Safety Act has explicitly required that the psychological risk assessment must also be part of the process. In the office, the focus is on factors such as work intensification, constant availability, lack of recovery periods or inadequate work organization. The goal is the prevention of stress-related illnesses and burnout.

Special Case: Risk Assessment for Hybrid Work (Office/Home Office)

Due to the alternation between office and home office, the assessment must extend beyond time spent in the office. The employer must also consider hazards for working from home and on the go. Since the employer has no direct right of inspection in the private space of employees, this is done through self-assessment questionnaires and instructions for the ergonomic design of the home workplace.

What ergonomic requirements must office workplaces meet?

Workplace ergonomics aims to adapt working conditions to the physical characteristics of people. The overarching goal is to prevent improper strain and chronic musculoskeletal disorders .

DGUV Information 215-410 and the standards DIN EN 527-1 (desks) and DIN EN 1335 (office chairs) define exact minimum requirements for this purpose.

The Ergonomic Office Chair

A suitable chair must allow dynamic sitting and be individually adjustable:

  • Seat height: The thighs should slope slightly downward, with feet flat on the floor (knee angle approx. 90° or slightly more).
  • Backrest: It must have lumbar support that supports the natural curvature of the spine in the lower back area.
  • Dynamics: The backrest should be movable (synchronous mechanism) to encourage alternating between leaning forward and backward.

The Office Desk

The desk must provide sufficient space for work equipment and the correct working height:

  • Dimensions: The standard surface area is 160 x 80 cm. A depth of at least 80 cm is necessary to maintain the viewing distance to the monitor.
  • Height: For fixed desks, the standard measurement is 74 cm (± 2 cm). However, height-adjustable sit-stand desks (switching between 65 cm and 125 cm) are ideal for reducing cardiovascular strain.
  • Surface: It must be low-reflection and matte to avoid glare from light sources.

Monitor and Input Devices for the Office

The placement of technology affects the strain on neck and eyes:

  • Viewing distance: Depending on monitor size, this should be between 50 cm and 70 cm.
  • Viewing angle: The top line on the screen should be well below eye level, so that the gaze is slightly tilted downward.
  • Arrangement: The monitor must be positioned directly in front of the user (no twisted posture). Keyboard and mouse should be placed so that the forearms can rest relaxed on the desk.

Light, Noise and Climate in the Office

  • Lighting: For office work, an illuminance of at least 500 lux is required. Natural daylight is preferred, while glare must be prevented using blinds.
  • Noise: The sound pressure level should not exceed 55 dB(A) for predominantly mental tasks.
  • Indoor climate: The recommended room temperature is between 20°C and 22°C. The relative humidity should be between 40% and 60%.

How many first aiders and safety officers do I need for the office?

The number of persons to be appointed for occupational safety is legally defined and depends on the number of insured persons present in the workplace according to DGUV Regulation 1.

  • First aiders: In offices with up to 20 employees present, one first aider must be appointed. From 21 employees onwards, at least 5% of the workforce must be trained as first aiders.
  • Safety officers (SiBe): From a company size of 20 employees, the appointment of at least one safety officer is mandatory. They support the employer on a voluntary basis in accident prevention.
  • Fire safety assistants: Here too, a quota of typically 5% of employees applies. Find all details about training and equipment for fire safety in the office.

Important for planning: The employer must ensure through vacation and sick leave periods as well as hybrid work models that the required number of helpers are physically present in the office at all times.

How is workplace safety implemented in the office with desk sharing and hybrid work?

The introduction of work models such as desk sharing and hybrid work fundamentally changes the requirements for occupational safety. Companies must ensure that the protection goals of the Workplace Ordinance (ArbStättV) are also achieved with daily user changes and in the home office.

  • Ergonomics: Since every employee has different physical requirements, shared workplaces (shared desks) must be versatile and easily adjustable.
  • Space utilization and capacities: In open-space concepts, there is a risk of overcrowding, which increases noise levels and can undermine escape route concepts.
  • Psychological stress: The uncertainty of not finding an adequate workplace in the morning ("desk hunting") creates additional stress and reduces concentration.
  • Hygiene: Frequent user changes require hygiene rules and adapted cleaning cycles.

How does booking software help with workplace safety and health in the office?

PULT is our software for workplace and room booking as well as automated presence detection. It serves many employers as a platform to fulfill their duty of care. The software includes features for ergonomics, emergency management and health protection:

  • Equipment filter: Employees can specifically search for workplaces with height-adjustable desks (sit-stand desks), ergonomic chairs or special monitors.
  • Fixed assignments when needed: For employees with special medical or physical requirements, PULT enables permanent reservation of fixed workplaces as an exception to desk sharing.
  • Emergency Export: At the push of a button, administrators generate a list of all persons actually present. Thanks to WiFi detection (PULT Presence), "no-shows" or spontaneous visitors are also precisely recorded.
  • Capacity control: The software automatically prevents overcrowding of zones. This way, fire safety regulations and escape route capacities are technically accounted for.
  • AI Health & Safety Agent: Our AI agent helps convert occupational safety regulations into tasks and pre-fill compliance documents for audits with real presence data.
  • Noise and acoustic management: Through clear zoning into quiet and team zones as well as the bookability of phone booths, acoustic stress is reduced.
  • Psychological relief: The guarantee of a firmly reserved workplace eliminates the stress of morning searching and ensures a calm start to the workday.
Tip: Learn more about automatic presence detection via WiFi at PULT Presence.

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