This is mobile working | For companies

Mobile working offers flexibility and improves productivity and work life balance. Teams can work effectively from home, in a café or even abroad with the right setup.

Mobile working: Definition, differences to home office and legal issues

58% of all German companies now allow mobile working, whether from the office, in the home office, on the road or even abroad. In this article, you will find out how mobile working works today in legal, technical and practical terms.

{{hint-box}}

What is mobile working?

Mobile working is the ability to perform work from any location, usually with the help of a laptop, smartphone and internet connection. Mobile working can completely or partially replace presence in the company.

In contrast to traditional office work, there is not necessarily a fixed workplace in the company. In hybrid models, several employees often share a desk in the office at different times, as they otherwise work remotely.

Tip: Find out how desk sharing works here.

As a rule, no specific work location is prescribed for mobile working. The only requirements are that there is a connection to the company, availability is ensured and the assigned tasks are completed.

What is the difference between home office and mobile working?

Mobile working is distinguished from the term home office in that home office generally refers to working from home. In fact, home office is a special case of teleworking.

In Germany, teleworking is formally defined (Section 2 (7) of the Workplace Ordinance) as a workstation permanently set up by the employer in the employee's private area. For this purpose, a fixed work location (usually the employee's own home) is contractually agreed and equipped with office furniture and technology by the employer.

Teleworking/home office is subject to the strict requirements of the Workplace Ordinance and occupational health and safety regulations; for example, ergonomic furniture must be provided and a risk assessment of the home workplace must be carried out.

Mobile working, on the other hand, is not regulated by the Workplace Ordinance. It mainly takes place outside fixed workspaces, in changing locations, and there is no legal definition for it.

In short: home office (teleworking) means working at a clearly defined location (the home office) with appropriate equipment provided by the employer, whereas mobile working offers a free choice of location.

Important: Even if no fixed office regulations apply to the workplace for mobile working, the general labour laws remain fully applicable. These include, for example, the Working Hours Act (ArbZG) with maximum working hours, rest breaks and the ban on working on Sundays. The Occupational Health and Safety Act also applies, i.e. the employer has a duty of care and must also protect the health of its employees during mobile working.

What legal regulations apply to mobile working?

There is currently no legal entitlement to mobile working (or home office) in Germany. This means that employees can express the wish to work from home or from other locations, but the employer decides voluntarily whether to allow this.

The employer may also informally reject a request for mobile working without giving reasons. In practice, however, many companies allow home office arrangements and mobile working in order to be more attractive to skilled workers and increase employee satisfaction.

Mobile working in the coalition agreement

In the coalition agreement of the last German government (20th legislative period, 2021-2025), it was agreed to introduce a "discussion entitlement" for mobile working. According to this, employees in suitable jobs should be entitled to negotiate home office/mobile working.

The employer would then only be allowed to refuse a request if there are operational reasons to the contrary and arbitrary refusals would be inadmissible. However, as of July 2025, there is still no specific law on this.

The following therefore still applies: Anything that is not regulated by a collective agreement, works agreement or employment contract remains a matter for negotiation between employer and employee. Employers are not obliged to allow their employees to work from home, nor can employees unilaterally insist on this. Conversely, the following also applies: employers cannot simply force their employees to work from home without a corresponding agreement. Both sides must agree.

What working hours apply to mobile working?

The statutory working hours must be observed for mobile working. The following applies:

  • A maximum of 8 hours per working day (up to 10 hours in exceptional cases)
  • At least 11 hours of rest between two working days
  • Overtime and work on Sundays and public holidays are only permitted within narrow limits
  • The employer may not demand constant availability outside of working hours

In practice, time recording in particular poses a challenge: Employers are obliged to provide a reliable system for recording working hours that also works for mobile working. As a rule, time recording software or trust-based working time with independent recording is used here. It is important that overtime and breaks are documented in a traceable manner, also for health and safety reasons.

Accident and insurance cover for mobile working

Since the Company Reform Act 2021, extended accident insurance cover has been in place for mobile working and working from home. Accidents at work in the home office or while travelling as part of mobile working are now insured in the same way as at work.

This means that if someone is injured while working at home or on the direct route to nursery school to drop off their child before starting work, statutory accident insurance covers them in the same way as if they were in the office.

However, purely private activities during working hours (e.g. an accident while cleaning during a break) are not covered. Overall, the new regulation has significantly improved cover for working from home.

Occupational health and safety for mobile working

The health and safety regulations also apply at home and at other workplaces. Although the Workplace Ordinance does not apply to mobile working, employers must assess hazards and instruct their employees on ergonomic and healthy working practices, even when working from home.

In fact, this is often done by means of questionnaires and voluntary commitments by employees, as employers are not allowed to inspect private homes without further ado and this would not be practical.

Who is responsible for data protection when working remotely?

Employers remain responsible for data protection and IT security in the case of mobile working. Companies must therefore ensure that no unauthorised third parties can access company data when working remotely.

This is achieved by using secure passwords, encrypted connections (VPN) and devices with fingerprint sensors or facial recognition. Employees must be trained accordingly, as the daily responsibility for compliance with data protection lies with the employees.

What applies to mobile working in the public sector?

There are special regulations in favour of mobile working in the public sector. According to § 16 para. 1 sentence 2 of the Federal Equal Opportunities Act (BGleiG), departments must enable employees with family or caring responsibilities to work from home, insofar as this is possible for official reasons.

This means that civil servants and employees in the public sector who are caring for children or relatives, for example, have a preferential right to home office/mobile working, provided there are no compelling official reasons not to do so.

In general, many public authorities are catching up on this topic: Numerous service agreements in federal and state authorities now regulate home office options. For example, some authorities allow mobile working for up to 4 days a week as long as the work processes allow it (there are differences depending on the authority).

What equipment do you need for mobile working?

The basic requirement for mobile working is a functioning mobile office, which usually consists of a laptop/computer, internet access and telephone (or smartphone). Headsets and possibly a portable WLAN router are also used, depending on where you are working from.

Who provides the equipment for mobile working?

Employers are generally responsible for providing the necessary work equipment. In traditional home office agreements, many companies therefore equip their employees with a laptop, screen, keyboard/mouse and sometimes an office chair. In the case of mobile working, the employer should at least provide the IT equipment or make financial contributions.

Some companies rely on the "Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)" principle, where employees use their private devices. However, appropriate compensation is required here (e.g. reimbursement of costs) and special security precautions must be taken (e.g. separate business profiles on the private device) so that data protection and company data remain protected.

Internet connection and software access

A fast and stable internet connection is one of the most important prerequisites for mobile working in order to be able to reliably handle video calls and cloud access to data and software.

Many employers support their employees here, for example by covering part of the internet costs or providing company data cards. There are no standardised legal regulations on this, so it is advisable to set out such issues in a company or remote working agreement.

On the software side, mobile employees should have access to all important applications. Cloud services and software for communication and collaboration (e.g. Teams, Slack, VPN access to the company network) are typical tools for working together from anywhere.

Tip: To ensure that those returning to the office from mobile working can reliably find a free desk, they should book this in advance using software.

Does the home office flat rate also apply to mobile working?

The home office allowance only applies to days on which you have worked predominantly in your home, i.e. for real home office days.

  • Since the 2023 tax year, you can claim €6 per day, up to a maximum of 210 days per year (max. €1,260), for tax purposes - if you mainly work from home.
  • The lump sum only applies to days on which the business activity is predominantly carried out in the home office, not if you are mainly travelling.
  • This is not deductible: Days on which you work on the road (e.g. in a café, customer visits, mobile work without a home office) do not count towards the home office allowance and are therefore not tax deductible.

Mobile working abroad and workation

A special case of mobile working is working from abroad, either for a longer period of time or as part of a so-called workation. Workation is made up of work and vacation. This means that employees work temporarily from a holiday location or from abroad without taking holiday days.

Example of mobile working abroad:
An employee spends two weeks on holiday in Mallorca and then stays on site for another week to continue working normally from there before returning.

What is the maximum number of days German employees are allowed to work abroad on a mobile basis?

For tax purposes, there is a clearly defined limit for mobile working abroad: anyone who spends more than 183 days within a given year in another country and works there may be liable to pay tax there under the relevant double taxation agreement. This limit is internationally recognised and represents a legally binding threshold.

Caution is also required with regard to social security: The so-called A1 certificate applies within the EU. It ensures that employees remain in the German social security system during a temporary posting (maximum 24 months). Employers must apply for this certificate and ensure compliance.

National regulations also apply outside the EU: Among other things, work visas or residence permits may be required here if employees want to work locally for a longer period of time. Many companies therefore limit workation periods to a maximum of 30 to 90 days per year in order to avoid tax, labour law and insurance problems as far as possible.

In which industries and professions does mobile working occur?

Mobile working is particularly common in professions in which work can be organised in a knowledge-based, digital or location-independent manner. Typical sectors for mobile working:

  • IT and software development
  • Media, graphics and design
  • Marketing and communication
  • Advice and consulting
  • Finance and banking sector
  • Administrative office work
  • Research and education (e.g. e-learning, universities)
  • Customer service (e.g. via chat, email, telephone)
  • Sales and field service

These areas often only require a computer with an internet connection, which is why the place of work is of secondary importance.

Conclusion: Using mobile working correctly

Mobile working has developed from an exception to an integral part of modern work. It offers enormous advantages for employees: they can choose and organise their own working hours and location, achieve a better work-life balance and save time and commuting costs.

The advantages are higher productivity and satisfaction when employees can work at times and places of their own choosing. At the same time, however, mobile working also requires a great deal of self-discipline and demarcation in order to avoid slipping into permanent work or being distracted at home.

There are also opportunities for employers: motivated, well-balanced employees, less absenteeism due to commuting stress and savings on office space. Companies can also access a larger talent pool if they offer location-independent working, and skilled workers from more distant regions in particular can be considered as employees.

Companies can now use software to make the coordination of mobile working easier. This makes it possible to see which colleague is working from where. As mobile working and working from home reduce the workload in the office, the figures for office utilisation are also coming under scrutiny: if people are increasingly working from home, will significantly fewer desks be needed in the office?

With PULT, you gain insights into your office utilisation and team behaviour. The software records exactly how much the office is used and how many workstations you need to keep available at peak times. Your employees don't even have to log in: All they need to do is connect one of their devices to the company WLAN. You can find out more about this in PULT Presence.

{{cta}}

Mobile working - frequently asked questions and answers

The most important facts in brief:

Mobile working includes home office, working on the go or abroad and is firmly established in many industries. There is no legal entitlement, but company regulations and a right to discuss the option often exist. Working hours, data protection and insurance requirements also apply when working remotely, with additional rules for work abroad. Employers must provide or subsidise the necessary technology, and employees can in some cases deduct costs for tax purposes. Successful mobile working relies on clear agreements, trust and good communication.

Trusted by 1000+ innovative workplaces
FAQ

Have questions?

What is the difference between home office and mobile working?

Home office means working from a fixed workplace at home. Mobile working is more broadly defined, it can take place anywhere: at home, in a café, at a customer's premises or abroad.

How many days are you allowed to work from home?

There are no legal upper limits and, in principle, employers and employees can agree to work completely remotely.

Does mobile working have to be regulated in the employment contract?

It is not mandatory, but highly recommended. A clear regulation protects both sides when it comes to questions about working hours, availability, technology or insurance.

Can my boss prohibit mobile working?

Yes, unless there is an agreement to the contrary (e.g. in the employment contract or collective labour agreement). There is currently no general right to mobile working in Germany.

What working hours apply to mobile working?

The same legal requirements apply as in the office, e.g. a maximum of 10 hours per day and 11 hours of rest. Break regulations and documentation requirements also remain in place.

About author

Isolde Van der Knaap

Hybrid Work Enthusiast and Account Executive

At PULT we're designing the future of the hybrid workplace for companies and their employees. Focused on SME and mid market customers in Eruope, I'm working on everything from Customer Discovery to Onboarding. I'm very passionate about new work and moved to Hamburg in 2024 even though I'm originally from France.

Resources

Learn how to run better workplace operations

How can the work council influence desk sharing?

The Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) provides for several instances of co-determination that may apply depending on the specific details of the desk-sharing arrangement. Those who are unaware of the rules risk injunctions and significant project delays.

What say does the works council have regarding desk sharing?

Anyone who wants to introduce desk sharing in their company will quickly face an important question: Does the works council need to be involved, and if so, to what extent? There is no one-size-fits-all answer.

The Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) provides for several instances of co-determination that may apply depending on the specific details of the desk-sharing arrangement. Those who are unaware of the rules risk injunctions and significant project delays.

How the work council can influence desk sharing: The Basics

  • Desk-sharing itself is not subject to employee participation. The employer may implement it within the scope of its managerial authority. The specific details of its implementation almost never are.
  • Section 87(1)(1) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) applies whenever rules concern employees’ conduct.
  • Section 90 of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) requires employers to inform the works council early and in detail as soon as the planning phase begins.
  • A workplace agreement is the most legally sound approach to desk sharing.

What does the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) stipulate regarding desk sharing?

In principle, an employer may require desk sharing. However, the specific details are almost always subject to co-determination. This applies in particular when rules regarding workplace use, digital booking tools, occupational health and safety, or changes to the work environment are involved.

The BetrVG contains several sections that may be relevant to desk sharing:

Section 87(1)(1) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) – Order in the workplace: The line between conduct regarding workplace order that is subject to co-determination and work-related conduct that is exempt from co-determination is blurred. Rules that directly require work performance (e.g., finding an available seat every day) are considered work-related conduct and are not subject to co-determination. Rules regarding workplace coexistence, such as the handling of personal belongings or the use of lockers, are considered organizational conduct and are subject to co-determination.

Section 87(1)(6) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) – Technical Monitoring Devices: Certain aspects of desk sharing, such as the use of booking or occupancy tools, fall under Section 87(1)(6) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) if they involve monitoring of employees’ performance and behavior. As soon as a booking tool collects data on attendance times or usage patterns that can be traced back to individual employees, the right to co-determination applies.

Section 87(1)(7) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) – Health Protection: Ergonomic requirements, risk assessments, and hygiene regulations for shared workstations may satisfy this criterion. The Baden-Württemberg Regional Labor Court rejected a right to co-determination under § 87 (1) No. 7 BetrVG in a specific case, as the introduction of desk sharing alone did not lead to a concrete risk to employees. A risk assessment would first have to establish this.

§ 90 BetrVG – Duty to Inform: § 90 BetrVG requires the employer to inform the works council in a timely and comprehensive manner about planned changes to workstations, work processes, or the work environment. This duty to inform applies as early as the planning phase. Anyone who informs the works council only after the restructuring measures have already begun has missed this deadline.

§ 111 BetrVG – Operational change: According to the case law of the Federal Labor Court, the introduction of desk sharing is generally not considered an operational change within the meaning of § 111 BetrVG. The situation is different if desk sharing is part of a larger restructuring.

What does case law say about the works council’s right to co-determination?

Case law on the subject of desk sharing and works councils is anything but consistent. In the past, the same concept has been interpreted differently by various courts. According to this view, it is not the concept as a whole that matters, but rather the individual provisions within it. Three court decisions illustrate where the courts draw the line.

Frankfurt/Main Labor Court: The Frankfurt/Main Labor Court granted a works council’s motion seeking to prevent the introduction of desk sharing. The court found that several aspects of co-determination were affected. The unilateral introduction of this work system by the employer was therefore deemed impermissible. The works council was ultimately able to halt further implementation by means of a preliminary injunction.

Düsseldorf Regional Labor Court (Case No. 3 TaBVGa 6/17): The Düsseldorf Regional Labor Court ruled in another case that the works council had no right of co-determination because the specific plan did not contain any provisions subject to co-determination. The question of where exactly the line is drawn between the specification of work duties not subject to co-determination and conduct subject to co-determination remains largely unresolved even after this decision. A fundamental ruling by the Federal Labor Court is still pending.

Baden-Württemberg Regional Labor Court (Case No. 21 TaBV 7/24, August 2024): According to this ruling, neither the decision to introduce desk sharing nor an accompanying clean-desk policy is, in and of itself, subject to works council co-determination. Both pertain to employees’ work conduct, which is not subject to co-determination. However, regulations governing the handling of personal belongings may affect workplace conduct subject to co-determination pursuant to Section 87(1)(1) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG). Regulations governing the use of certain company premises for break and work purposes may also be subject to co-determination.

In practice, this means that it is not the concept as a whole but each individual provision within it that must be reviewed for compliance with the requirement for employee participation. Those who make sweeping generalizations are almost always wrong.

See PULT in action

  • ✓ Collect booking data in compliance with GDPR, without the risk of surveillance
  • ✓ Anonymous team-level analytics, no individual profiles
  • ✓ Win over works councils with transparent data processing
Book a demo

What must be included in the workplace agreement on desk sharing?

In practice, a works council agreement is the most reliable way to implement the project in a legally compliant manner. This applies regardless of whether a genuine right to co-determination exists in a particular case or not.

To ensure that desk sharing and labor law are compatible, a legally sound company agreement must address these key points:

  1. Scope of Application: Which locations, departments, and employee groups are covered by the agreement? If it applies across multiple locations, the general works council is generally responsible.
  2. Booking rules: How do you reserve a workspace? Through the app, at a terminal, or on the spot? What are the advance notice requirements and cancellation deadlines?
  3. Clean Desk Policy: What personal items are allowed, how are they stored, and who provides lockers or rolling cabinets?
  4. Data Protection and Booking Systems: Digital booking systems may fall under Section 87(1)(6) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG) if they collect data on booking times, duration of presence, or individual usage patterns. The agreement must specify what data is collected, how long it is stored, and who has access to it. Tools like PULT avoid this issue from the outset: analyses are conducted exclusively at the team level in aggregated form, without any references to individuals, and thus meet the requirements that works councils typically impose under Section 87(1)(6) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG).
  5. Ergonomics and Occupational Health and Safety: Guidelines for the setup of shared workstations (monitor, keyboard, chair), for cleaning, and for the special needs of individual employees.
  6. Special provisions: Pregnant employees, employees with disabilities, or those in certain job roles may be entitled to a dedicated workspace and special desk-sharing rules.
  7. Control mechanisms: How is booking data analyzed? Is it analyzed only at the team level, or also at the individual level? The latter typically requires employee participation and raises data protection concerns.

What is the best way to involve the works council in desk sharing?

Time and again, managers make the mistake of informing the works council about the introduction of desk sharing only after the decision has already been made. This is unwise and, in many cases, violates Section 90 of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG).

As soon as the idea of introducing desk sharing arises internally, the obligation to provide information takes effect. The works council receives planning documents, space allocation plans, and schedules. In the next step, the concept is jointly reviewed for provisions subject to co-determination: Which areas are covered by Section 87(1)(1), (6), or (7) of the Works Constitution Act (BetrVG)? This review prevents individual provisions from becoming stumbling blocks later on.

Once the areas subject to co-determination have been identified, formal negotiations on a works agreement begin. If the employer and the works council cannot reach an agreement, the conciliation board makes the decision. This process can delay projects by months. Once the agreement is finalized, implementation begins. An evaluation clause also specifies when and how the parties will jointly review the plan and adjust it as needed.

If you communicate transparently from the outset and establish a clear policy, you will have already prevented most conflicts before they arise. The same principle applies to the booking system.

{{hint-box}}

Hybrid Work

Working Models 2026 » Overview & Comparison

By choosing the right working model, you can structure your team to avoid unnecessary costs and keep your employees completely satisfied.

Working Models: Which One Is Right for Your Team?

Work models describe how, when, and where employees perform their work. Full-time and part-time? That’s ancient history. By 2026, hybrid, remote, flex time, the four-day workweek, and job sharing will define the German labor market. 

If you choose the wrong model, you’ll quickly find yourself facing unnecessary problems such as excessive administrative costs and dissatisfied employees. That’s why, in this article, we’ll explain the most important models, outline their pros and cons, and highlight which legal changes are particularly relevant this year.

Work Models: The Basics

  • Work models define the scope (full-time, part-time), schedule (flexible hours, trust-based working hours, four-day workweek), and location (office, home office, hybrid, remote) of work.
  • By 2026, hybrid work will be the most common model in German companies. About 60 percent of office workers will work from home at least one day a week.
  • Since 2022, employers in Germany have been required to systematically track working hours, regardless of the chosen work model .
  • The Pay Transparency Act was strengthened in 2026 and now applies to companies with as few as 100 employees, with direct implications for part-time and job-sharing arrangements.

What are work models?

An employment model defines the framework within which an employee performs their work. It specifies three dimensions:

  • Hours worked: How many hours per week does a person work? Full-time, part-time, or on a very limited basis?
  • Schedule: When are employees scheduled to work? Fixed hours, flex time, shift work, or trust-based working hours?
  • Work location: Where is the work done? In the office, from home, in a hybrid setup, or entirely remotely?

These three dimensions can be combined. A full-time employee can work on a flex-time schedule and in a hybrid model. A part-time employee can work exclusively in the office on a fixed shift. These combinations give rise to the modelswe examine in this article.

The main work models by working hours

The number of hours worked forms the basis of every employment contract. These four models cover over 95 percent of all employment relationships in Germany.

Full-time

In Germany, full-time employment generally involves 35 to 40 hours per week, depending on the collective bargaining agreement or the industry. Full-time positions remain the norm, particularly in manufacturing, skilled trades, and traditional administrative professions.

  • Advantages: Full salary, comprehensive benefits, clear career path. 
  • Disadvantages: Less flexibility for family, continuing education, or side jobs.

Part-time

Part-time work involves fewer hours than the full weekly work schedule. Since 2019, employees have been entitled under the Bridge Part-Time Work Act to a temporary reduction in working hours with the right to return to full-time work.

  • Advantages: Better work-life balance, more time for other commitments. 
  • Disadvantages: Lower income, often slower career advancement, lower pension benefits.

Part-time employment (mini-job)

Since 2026, mini-jobs have been capped at 603 euros per month. They are suitable for students, retirees, or as a second job.

  • Advantages: Tax- and social security-free for employees, flexible scheduling, easy entry into the job market.
  • Disadvantages: No automatic coverage under health and unemployment insurance, limited pension benefits, no protection in the event of unemployment.

Four-day workweek

The four-day workweek reduces the number of working days to four, often without a reduction in pay. In Germany, it was tested in several pilot projects in 2024. Initial results show higher productivity per hour, but also challenges in service industries with fixed opening hours.

  • Benefits: More time to recover, lower absenteeism rates, a strong selling point in recruitment.
  • Disadvantages: Difficult to implement in shift-based and service-oriented businesses, higher demands on process efficiency, potential losses in terms of availability.

Work Models Based on Work Hours Distribution

While the total number of hours sets the framework, the distribution of working hours determines daily life. These four models are the most common in Germany.

Flexible work hours

Under a flex-time schedule, employees determine the start and end times of their daily work within a set framework. A core period (for example, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.) generally specifies when all employees must be available. Outside of these hours, employees are free to manage their own schedules.

  • Benefits: Better compatibility with doctor's appointments, family commitments, or commuting times; higher employee satisfaction; lower absenteeism. 
  • Disadvantages: Requires reliable time tracking, makes it difficult to coordinate spontaneously outside of core hours, and makes team coordination more complex.

Flexible work hours

What counts here is only the result, not the number of hours worked. Employees organize their own working hours. It is important to note that even trust-based working hours are not exempt from the legal requirement to track working hours. Employers must document when work was performed, even if the distribution of those hours is left up to the employee.

  • Advantages: High degree of autonomy, a strong selling point when recruiting skilled workers, focus on results rather than attendance. 
  • Disadvantages: Risk of unpaid overtime; difficult to implement without a mature management culture; requires documentation despite flexible scheduling.

Shift work

Shift schedules (early, late, and night shifts) are primarily found in manufacturing, healthcare, logistics, and retail. They require reliable shift schedules and transparent communication.

  • Advantages: The company is always open, employees often receive shift premiums, and there is a clear separation between work and personal time. 
  • Disadvantages: Health risks due to irregular work schedules (especially night shifts), difficulty balancing work and family life, higher employee turnover in industries with unattractive shifts.

Job sharing

In job sharing, two or more people share a full-time position. It is becoming increasingly popular, especially in leadership positions. However, with the stricter Pay Transparency Act of 2026, legal requirements are also coming to the forefront here, as both job-sharing partners must be paid equally for work of equal value and the company must be able to document this comparability.

  • Advantages: Makes leadership positions accessible on a part-time basis, combines two skill sets in a single role, and ensures continuity in the event of illness or vacation. 
  • Disadvantages: Significant coordination effort required between partners, complex reporting and documentation requirements, and, in practice, often additional work for the supporting team.

Work Models by Location

The workplace has undergone the most significant changes in recent years. Four models now define the day-to-day operations of German companies.

Office work (in-person)

For decades, the traditional office setup was the standard model. It still works today in situations where physical presence is necessary. For companies, this model involves the least organizational effort, as it features fixed workstations and predictable utilization. The trade-off is high fixed costs for office space and a limited pool of applicants, since many talented individuals today expect hybrid or remote options.

  • Advantages: Easy coordination, direct communication within the team, strong corporate culture, minimal technical requirements.
  • Disadvantages: High fixed costs for office space, long commutes for employees, and reduced appeal to job candidates.

Work from home

In this model, employees work from home on a permanent basis or at least on a regular basis. There is still no legal right to work from home in Germany, but many companies offer it on a voluntary basis. This is also necessary these days, as many qualified workers expect at least the option to work from home.

  • Advantages: No more commuting time, improved concentration, better work-life balance.
  • Disadvantages: Risk of isolation and weaker team cohesion, more difficult to coordinate spontaneously, higher demands on self-organization and technical equipment at home.

{{hint-box}}

Hybrid Work

Hybrid work combines in-office work with location-flexible work according to clear guidelines. There are several typical models:

  • Office-First: Three to four days in the office, one to two days working from home.
  • Remote-First: Remote work is the default; employees come into the office only on specific days or for specific occasions.
  • Free Choice: Employees decide where to work each day within defined guidelines.

The choice of model primarily affects the organizational effort required. However, the advantages and disadvantages of the hybrid model generally apply to all three variants:

  • Advantages: Combines periods of focused work at home with collaboration in the office, reduces office space through desk sharing, and serves as a strong selling point in recruitment. 
  • Disadvantages: Greater coordination effort, requires booking and attendance systems, risk of unequal opportunities between office-based and remote workers (“proximity bias”).

Remote Work

Remote work refers to working entirely from any location, often from abroad. Tax, social security, and labor law issues become complex as soon as someone works from another EU country for more than 25 days a year.

  • Advantages: Access to an international talent pool, no office space costs, and maximum flexibility for employees.
  • Disadvantages: Complex legal and tax issues related to assignments abroad, challenges in building a team culture, and higher demands on leadership and digital communication.

Try PULT free for 14 days

  • ✓ Clear guidelines for hybrid work
  • ✓ Accurate attendance data instead of chaotic tracking
  • ✓ GDPR-compliant & hosted in Germany
Start free trial

Work Models of the Future: What Will Change in 2026?

The labor market never stands still. Almost in lockstep, new regulations and laws are emerging, designed to protect both employers and employees while maintaining a balance. Four legal and technological developments are shaping work models in Germany in 2026:

  1. Digital time tracking requirement now fully in effect: Since the Federal Labor Court (BAG) ruling in 2022, employers have been required to systematically track working hours. What has been missing so far is specific legal implementation: The planned Time Tracking Act is set to make electronic tracking mandatory in the course of 2026. 
  2. Pay Transparency Act Expanded: The EU Pay Transparency Directive has been transposed into German law and now applies to companies with 100 or more employees. Companies must be able to disclose their pay structures. This has a direct impact on part-time, job-sharing, and hybrid models, as anyone filling a reduced-hour position must be paid proportionally the same as a full-time employee performing the same duties.
  3. AI Governance in Human Resources: With the introduction of the EU AI Act, stricter rules for AI-powered HR systems will take effect in 2026. Tools used in recruiting or performance evaluation are considered high-risk applications and are subject to documentation and transparency requirements. Furthermore, attendance analyses and workload reports must not generate movement profiles of individual persons. Evaluations must be anonymized at the team or facility level.
  4. Space optimization as a cost factor: Office costs are among the largest fixed expenses for many companies. Companies that allow employees to work in a hybrid model and don’t know who is actually in the office and when end up paying for unused square footage. Accurate occupancy data is essential for making informed space-related decisions and ensures that companies can reduce costs.

PULT automatically transmits this occupancy data via Wi-Fi.

  • ✓ Actual presence data instead of booking data
  • ✓ Set up in under 30 minutes
Try PULT free for 14 days

Which work model is right for which company?

There is no one-size-fits-all model. Companies that copy an approach simply because it has worked reliably for others underestimate how much the right choice depends on their own specific circumstances. Four factors set the direction:

  1. Industry and job profile: Knowledge work allows for more flexibility than the manufacturing sector.
  2. Team size and culture: Small teams often get by with informal agreements, while larger teams need clear rules and tools.
  3. Employee expectations: Young talent expects hybrid and remote work options. According to PwC, for 44 percent of employees, the option to work from home is a decisive factor in choosing an employer, while for another 42 percent, it is important but not decisive.
  4. IT infrastructure: Hybrid work only works with reliable time-tracking software, attendance tracking, and an integrated HR system.

Anyone introducing hybrid or flexible models should therefore clarify early on how desk sharing will be organized and how utilization will be measured.

Implementing Hybrid and Flexible Work Models: What Matters Most

Flexible, new work models often fail during implementation. Four problems in particular tend to arise in practice.

The first issue is the discrepancy between bookings and reality. Employees reserve desks in advance but then don’t show up, or conversely, come into the office spontaneously without having made a reservation. The result is occupancy data that cannot be relied upon for decision-making.

The second issue concerns the office manager. Without automatic attendance tracking, the only option is to manually ask team members who is in the office today. This takes time and still doesn't provide reliable data.

Then there’s the matter of compliance. Time tracking, occupational safety training, and first-aid responder quotas require the ability to document at any time who was on site and when. In hybrid teams, this is nearly impossible to do manually.

Finally, the “word of mouth” between systems should not be underestimated. Booking data is stored in one tool, HR data in another, and room schedules in a third. This does not result in a unified overview.

The solution lies in the combination of clear rules and a system that enforces these rules in the background:

  1. Define booking rules (who is allowed to work from home, when, and for how many days; which teams are required to be on-site on which days)
  2. Provide a booking tool that integrates with existing systems such as Slack, Microsoft Teams, or Outlook
  3. Automatically track actual attendance instead of relying on booking data
  4. Use analytics to plan spaces, teams, and investments based on data

This is exactly where PULT comes in. The platform combines desk booking, room and parking spot reservations, visitor management, and automatic attendance tracking via the company’s Wi-Fi into a single system. Employees can book in ten seconds directly from Slack or Teams, check-in happens automatically, and office managers receive reliable data on office occupancy in real time.

Hybrid doesn't mean chaos.

  • ✓ Booking, attendance, and reporting all in one system
  • ✓ Native integration with Slack, Teams, Personio, and more
See PULT in action
Office Insights

Workplace Safety in the Office: Legal Obligations, Ergonomics and Prevention

Workplace safety in the office serves to maintain employee health and provide legal protection for employers. In modern hybrid offices, safety places new demands on the organization of desk sharing and mobile work.

Workplace Safety in the Office: Key Takeaways

  • Legal framework for workplace safety in the office: The foundation consists of the Occupational Safety Act (ArbSchG), the Workplace Ordinance (ArbStättV) and DGUV Information 215-410.
  • Risk assessment in the office: The employer must identify and document the risks (physical and psychological) for each workplace.
  • Ergonomics: Desks, chairs and monitors must be adjustable to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.
  • Personnel: Depending on company size, safety officers, first aiders and fire safety assistants must be appointed in the required numbers.
  • Safety briefings: At least once a year, all employees must be instructed on the hazards and protective measures in the workplace.

What legal regulations apply to workplace safety in the office?

Workplace safety in the office is primarily governed by the Occupational Safety Act (ArbSchG) and the Workplace Ordinance (ArbStättV), which are further specified by DGUV Information 215-410.

These regulations require employers to systematically assess hazards, comply with technical standards for computer workstations and ensure employee safety through regular briefings and the provision of first aiders.

  • Occupational Safety Act (ArbSchG): It forms the foundation and obliges the employer under § 5 to conduct a risk assessment. The goal is to design work in such a way that hazards to life and physical and mental health are avoided.
  • Workplace Ordinance (ArbStättV): It defines minimum requirements for the operation of workplaces. This includes aspects such as room temperature, ventilation, lighting and the design of computer workstations.
  • DGUV Information 215-410 (formerly BGI 650): This guideline from the German Social Accident Insurance is the most important practical standard for offices. It contains detailed requirements for ergonomics, floor space and the safety-related design of work equipment.
  • Display Screen Equipment Regulation (now part of ArbStättV): It sets specific requirements for the quality of monitors, keyboards and software ergonomics to prevent strain on the eyes and musculoskeletal system.

Responsibility and Implementation of Workplace Safety in the Office

The employer is solely responsible for compliance with and implementation of all measures. For support, from the very first employee, the employer is required to provide proof of safety engineering and occupational health care (according to ASIG and DGUV Regulation 2).

Occupational safety specialists (Sifa) and company physicians provide advisory services, but keeping escape routes clear or correctly adjusting office furniture falls under the responsibility of the respective managers or office management.

How is a risk assessment created for office workplaces?

The risk assessment is the required tool for identifying risks to employee health and initiating countermeasures. According to § 5 of the Occupational Safety Act, every employer is obliged to conduct this assessment for all workplaces, document it and update it regularly.

  1. Define work areas: Divide the office into meaningful units, for example individual offices, open spaces, meeting rooms.
  2. Identify hazards: Record all physical and psychological stresses.
  3. Assess hazards: Evaluate the risk (probability of occurrence and severity of potential damage).
  4. Define protective measures: Select appropriate measures according to the TOP principle (Technical before Organizational before Personal).
  5. Implement measures: Carry out the planned improvements.
  6. Check effectiveness: Verify whether the measures have actually reduced the risk.
  7. Document and update: Legally compliant documentation of results and adaptation when changes occur (e.g. new office furniture or software).

Consideration of Psychological Stress in the Office

Since 2013, the Occupational Safety Act has explicitly required that the psychological risk assessment must also be part of the process. In the office, the focus is on factors such as work intensification, constant availability, lack of recovery periods or inadequate work organization. The goal is the prevention of stress-related illnesses and burnout.

Special Case: Risk Assessment for Hybrid Work (Office/Home Office)

Due to the alternation between office and home office, the assessment must extend beyond time spent in the office. The employer must also consider hazards for working from home and on the go. Since the employer has no direct right of inspection in the private space of employees, this is done through self-assessment questionnaires and instructions for the ergonomic design of the home workplace.

What ergonomic requirements must office workplaces meet?

Workplace ergonomics aims to adapt working conditions to the physical characteristics of people. The overarching goal is to prevent improper strain and chronic musculoskeletal disorders .

DGUV Information 215-410 and the standards DIN EN 527-1 (desks) and DIN EN 1335 (office chairs) define exact minimum requirements for this purpose.

The Ergonomic Office Chair

A suitable chair must allow dynamic sitting and be individually adjustable:

  • Seat height: The thighs should slope slightly downward, with feet flat on the floor (knee angle approx. 90° or slightly more).
  • Backrest: It must have lumbar support that supports the natural curvature of the spine in the lower back area.
  • Dynamics: The backrest should be movable (synchronous mechanism) to encourage alternating between leaning forward and backward.

The Office Desk

The desk must provide sufficient space for work equipment and the correct working height:

  • Dimensions: The standard surface area is 160 x 80 cm. A depth of at least 80 cm is necessary to maintain the viewing distance to the monitor.
  • Height: For fixed desks, the standard measurement is 74 cm (± 2 cm). However, height-adjustable sit-stand desks (switching between 65 cm and 125 cm) are ideal for reducing cardiovascular strain.
  • Surface: It must be low-reflection and matte to avoid glare from light sources.

Monitor and Input Devices for the Office

The placement of technology affects the strain on neck and eyes:

  • Viewing distance: Depending on monitor size, this should be between 50 cm and 70 cm.
  • Viewing angle: The top line on the screen should be well below eye level, so that the gaze is slightly tilted downward.
  • Arrangement: The monitor must be positioned directly in front of the user (no twisted posture). Keyboard and mouse should be placed so that the forearms can rest relaxed on the desk.

Light, Noise and Climate in the Office

  • Lighting: For office work, an illuminance of at least 500 lux is required. Natural daylight is preferred, while glare must be prevented using blinds.
  • Noise: The sound pressure level should not exceed 55 dB(A) for predominantly mental tasks.
  • Indoor climate: The recommended room temperature is between 20°C and 22°C. The relative humidity should be between 40% and 60%.

How many first aiders and safety officers do I need for the office?

The number of persons to be appointed for occupational safety is legally defined and depends on the number of insured persons present in the workplace according to DGUV Regulation 1.

  • First aiders: In offices with up to 20 employees present, one first aider must be appointed. From 21 employees onwards, at least 5% of the workforce must be trained as first aiders.
  • Safety officers (SiBe): From a company size of 20 employees, the appointment of at least one safety officer is mandatory. They support the employer on a voluntary basis in accident prevention.
  • Fire safety assistants: Here too, a quota of typically 5% of employees applies. Find all details about training and equipment for fire safety in the office.

Important for planning: The employer must ensure through vacation and sick leave periods as well as hybrid work models that the required number of helpers are physically present in the office at all times.

How is workplace safety implemented in the office with desk sharing and hybrid work?

The introduction of work models such as desk sharing and hybrid work fundamentally changes the requirements for occupational safety. Companies must ensure that the protection goals of the Workplace Ordinance (ArbStättV) are also achieved with daily user changes and in the home office.

  • Ergonomics: Since every employee has different physical requirements, shared workplaces (shared desks) must be versatile and easily adjustable.
  • Space utilization and capacities: In open-space concepts, there is a risk of overcrowding, which increases noise levels and can undermine escape route concepts.
  • Psychological stress: The uncertainty of not finding an adequate workplace in the morning ("desk hunting") creates additional stress and reduces concentration.
  • Hygiene: Frequent user changes require hygiene rules and adapted cleaning cycles.

How does booking software help with workplace safety and health in the office?

PULT is our software for workplace and room booking as well as automated presence detection. It serves many employers as a platform to fulfill their duty of care. The software includes features for ergonomics, emergency management and health protection:

  • Equipment filter: Employees can specifically search for workplaces with height-adjustable desks (sit-stand desks), ergonomic chairs or special monitors.
  • Fixed assignments when needed: For employees with special medical or physical requirements, PULT enables permanent reservation of fixed workplaces as an exception to desk sharing.
  • Emergency Export: At the push of a button, administrators generate a list of all persons actually present. Thanks to WiFi detection (PULT Presence), "no-shows" or spontaneous visitors are also precisely recorded.
  • Capacity control: The software automatically prevents overcrowding of zones. This way, fire safety regulations and escape route capacities are technically accounted for.
  • AI Health & Safety Agent: Our AI agent helps convert occupational safety regulations into tasks and pre-fill compliance documents for audits with real presence data.
  • Noise and acoustic management: Through clear zoning into quiet and team zones as well as the bookability of phone booths, acoustic stress is reduced.
  • Psychological relief: The guarantee of a firmly reserved workplace eliminates the stress of morning searching and ensures a calm start to the workday.
Tip: Learn more about automatic presence detection via WiFi at PULT Presence.

{{onpage-cta}}